In the Department of Medical Ethics, Humanities, and Law at WMed, we have an active research program that provides ample opportunities for students and residents to participate with faculty in research and scholarly activities. We offer experiences that enable discovery and promote creativity. Together, we are committed to pursuing inquiry, disseminating knowledge, and fostering critical thinking that encourages lifelong learning.
Recent Publications
Bayer A., Crutchfield P. Introducing Health Equity Curriculum: Challenges and Opportunities Medical Science Educator. 2025;35:9-11.
Scheall S., Crutchfield P. The misplaced, if not erroneous, nature of many obligation attributions Episteme. 2025
Shepherd T., Redinger M. “Please baptize my son”: The Case against Baptizing a Dying, Unconscious Atheist Hastings Center Report. 2025;55:3-5.
Bayer A., Crutchfield P. Introducing Health Equity Curriculum: Challenges and Opportunities Medical Science Educator. 2024
Carroll E., Crutchfield P. Welfare, Abortion, and Organ Donation: A Reply to the Restrictivist A Response to William Simkulet, “Restrictivism, Abortion, and Organ Donation” (CQ 31(3)) Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2024;33:290-295.
Crutchfield P. Mental Privacy, Cognitive Liberty, and Hog-tying Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 2024
Crutchfield P. Mental Privacy, Cognitive Liberty, and Hog-tying Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 2024;21:695-710.
Crutchfield P., Redinger M. Basic Liberties, Consent, and Chemical Restraints AJOB Neuroscience. 2024;15:W1-W3.
Crutchfield P., Redinger M. The Conditions for Ethical Chemical Restraints AJOB Neuroscience. 2024;15:3-16.
Crutchfield P., Scheall S. Abolishing morality in biomedical ethics Bioethics. 2024;38:316-325.
Evans N.G., Hereth B., Gross M.L., Moreno J.D. How do we justify research into enhanced warfighters? Journal of Law and the Biosciences. 2024;11
Goold P., Allhoff F. Sailing - Philosophy For Everyone: Catching the Drift of Why We Sail Sailing - Philosophy for Everyone: Catching the Drift of Why We Sail. 2024:1-205.
Hereth B. Mulder’s hail Mary Religious Studies. 2024
Kanungo S., Vergano S.A., Clark T., Madani R., Schott M., Couch K., Villela R., White N. Krabbe Disease–To Add or Not to Newborn Screening? OBM Genetics. 2024;8
Pinto Payares D.V., Spooner L., Vosters J., Dominguez S., Patrick L., Harris A., Kanungo S. A systematic review on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction/disorders in neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric/behavioral disorders Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2024;15
Redinger M.J. Informal Coercion Is Both Unavoidable and (Sometimes) Ethically Justifiable American Journal of Bioethics. 2024;24:110-112.
Redinger M.J., Gibb T.S., Redinger K.E. New Developments in Psychiatric Boarding in Emergency Departments Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2024;99:699-701.
Wasserman J.A., Crutchfield P., Brummett A. SHOULD WE CHANGE?: The Ethics of Human Enhancement The Routledge International Handbook of Changes in Human Perceptions and Behaviors. 2024:455-471.
Crutchfield P. PROTECTING FUTURE GENERATIONS BY ENHANCING CURRENT GENERATIONS The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Human Enhancement. 2023:282-292.
Crutchfield P. The Duty to Edit the Human Germline Res Publica. 2023;29:347-365.
Crutchfield P., Gibb T.S., Redinger M.J. Default Positions in Clinical Ethics The Journal of clinical ethics. 2023;34:258-269.
Crutchfield P., Scheall S., Justin Rzeszutek M., Dawn Brown H., Cardoso Sao Mateus C. Ignorance and moral judgment: Testing the logical priority of the epistemic Consciousness and Cognition. 2023;108
Hereth B. What You’re Rejecting When You’re Expecting Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 2023;20(3):397-408.
Hereth B., Evans N.G. Make Them Rare or Make Them Care: Artificial Intelligence and Moral Cost-Sharing Ethical Dilemmas in the Global Defense Industry. 2023:217-236.
Kanungo S., Kanungo S., Lorber A.R., Lorber A.R., Schmitt C., Schmitt C., Vanriper K., Vanriper K., Billian J., Billian J., Kanungo S, VanRiper K, Schmitt C, Lorber AR, Billian J Impact of "black Race" Coefficient in Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate on Our Community and Medical Education Kidney Blood Press Res. 2023;48:578-585.
Lorber A.R., Schmitt C., Vanriper K., Kanungo S. Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR): Implicit Racism in Medicine and Medical Education Kidney and Blood Pressure Research. 2023;48:596-598.
Norris M.K., Kanungo S. Role of Metabolic Nutrition in Newborn Screening and Inherited Metabolic Disorders OBM Genetics. 2023;7
Redinger M. Behavior Contracts Are Not Psychologically Naïve American Journal of Bioethics. 2023;23:79-81.
Ross S.D., Rudowski S., Kanungo S. Spinal Muscular Atrophy: An Overview OBM Genetics. 2023;7
Rudowski S., Boerkoel C.F., He M., Kanungo S. Whole Genome Sequencing in Era of Newborn Screening OBM Genetics. 2023;7
Yan K., Cheng G., Zhou W., Xiao F., Zhang C., Wang L., Zhang P., Lu C., Kong Y., Wang X., Zhou Y., Lu W., Tang J., Song X., Wei Q., Meng D., Yao L., Zhuang D., Qu L., Xu Q., Yin Z., Su L., Wan J., Si Y., Fujioka K., Mussap M., Kanungo S., Bhandari V., Huang W., Pan X., Zhou W. Incidence of Neonatal Seizures in China Based on Electroencephalogram Monitoring in Neonatal Neurocritical Care Units JAMA Network Open. 2023;6(7):E2326301.
Brummett A., Crutchfield P. Two internal critiques for theists who oppose moral enhancement on a process virtue basis Bioethics. 2022;36:367-373.
Carroll E., Crutchfield P. The Duty to Protect, Abortion, and Organ Donation Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2022;31:333-343.
Clemente E.G., Kanungo S., Schmitt C., Maajali D. Hyperinsulinism Endocrines. 2022;3:115-126.
Clemente E.G., Penukonda S.K., Doan T., Sullivan B., Kanungo S. Turner Syndrome Endocrines. 2022;3:240-254.
Crutchfield P. Societal Collapse and Intergenerational Disparities in Suffering Neuroethics. 2022;15
Draznin M., Borgohain P., Kanungo S. Newborn Screening in Pediatric Endocrine Disorders Endocrines. 2022;3:107-114.
Draznin M.B., Kanungo S. Special Issue “Genetics in Pediatric Endocrinology” Endocrines. 2022;3:601-602.
Fogler J.M., Ratliff-Schaub K., McGuinn L., Crutchfield P., Schwartz J., Soares N. OpenNotes: Anticipatory Guidance and Ethical Considerations for Pediatric Psychologists in Interprofessional Settings Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2022;47:189-194.
Gibb T.S., Redinger K.E., Barker H. Ethical Restraint Use With Incapable Absconding Patients: Goals, Proportionality, and Surrogates American Journal of Bioethics. 2022;22:95-97.
Golemon L., Allhoff F., Broy T.J. Supply Chains, Work Alternatives, and Autonomous Vehicles Autonomous Vehicle Ethics: The Trolley Problem and Beyond. 2022:316-336.
Hereth B. Heavenly Procreation Faith and Philosophy. 2022;39:100-123.
Hereth B. Mary, did you consent? Religious Studies. 2022;58(4):677-700.
Hereth B. Moral Neuroenhancement for Prisoners of War Neuroethics. 2022;15(1)
Hereth B. QUEER ADVICE TO CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHERS1 European Journal for Philosophy of Religion. 2022;14(1):49-75.
Hereth B., Evans N. Can We Justify Military Enhancements? Some Yes, Most No Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2022;31(4):557-569.
Hereth B., Tubig P., Sorrels A., Muldoon A., Hills K., Evans N.G. Long covid and disability: A brave new world The BMJ. 2022
Kanungo S., Beenen K.T. Role of Psychologists in Pediatric Metabolic Disorders Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2022;69:1003-1016.
Kaplan H., Guidry-Grimes L., Crutchfield P., Hulkower A., Horner C., Burke J.E., Fedson S. An Open Discussion of the Impact of OpenNotes on Clinical Ethics: A Justification for Harm-Based Exclusions from Clinical Ethics Documentation The Journal of clinical ethics. 2022;33:303-313.
Moreno J., Gross M.L., Becker J., Hereth B., Shortland N.D., Evans N.G. The ethics of AI-assisted warfighter enhancement research and experimentation: Historical perspectives and ethical challenges Frontiers in Big Data. 2022;5
Redinger K., Gibb T., Caras K.S., Donmoyer I. Choose your own adventure: Innovations in ethics training Medical education. 2022;56:557-558.
Redinger M.J., Eberl J.T. New Developments in End-of-Life Teaching for Roman Catholic Healthcare: The Implications of Samaritanus Bonus (“The Good Samaritan”) American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. 2022;39:501-503.
Redinger M.J., Popescu R. Appreciating the Role of the Unconscious in Situations of Patient Ambivalence American Journal of Bioethics. 2022;22:53-55.
Vergano S.A.S., Kanungo S., Arnold G. Making Decisions About Krabbe Disease Newborn Screening Pediatrics. 2022;149
Wasserman J.A., Navin M.C., Drzyzga V., Gibb T.S. Practising what we preach: Clinical ethicists' professional perspectives and personal use of advance directives Journal of Medical Ethics. 2022;48:144-149.
Arnold G.L., Kanungo S., Bush L. Metabolic providers in crisis – Burning out on the road to burnout? Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 2021;134:285-286.
Bright D.R., Petry N., Roath E., Gibb T. Engaging pharmacogenomics in pain management and opioid selection Pharmacogenomics. 2021;22:927-937.
Burke M., Parikh S., Kanungo S. Teaching anticipatory guidance for the newborn Caring for the Newborn: A Comprehensive Guide for the Clinician. Second Edition. 2021:183-195.
Crutchfield P. Moral Enhancement and the Public Good Moral Enhancement and the Public Good. 2021:1-174.
Crutchfield P. Delusion, Proper Function, and Justification Neuroethics. 2021;14:113-124.
Gibb T.S., Crutchfield P., Redinger M.J., Minser J. Ethical and Professional Considerations in Integrated Behavioral Health Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2021;68:607-619.
Gibb T.S., Redinger K., Fealko C., Parikh S. Considerations for pediatric retirement from athletics following repetitive concussive traumatic brain injury: Incorporating the right to an open future International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18:1-11.
Greydanus D.E., Dickson C., Kanungo S., Merrick J. Introduction: From lilith to shiphrah and puah-and beyond: What have we learned about caring for the newborn in the past 300 millennia? Caring for the Newborn: A Comprehensive Guide for the Clinician. Second Edition. 2021:xxix-xlvii.
Greydanus D.E., Kanungo S., Dickson C., Merrick J. Caring for the newborn: A comprehensive guide for the clinician. second edition Caring for the Newborn: A Comprehensive Guide for the Clinician. Second Edition. 2021:1-517.
Hereth B. Animal rights Pacifism Philosophical Studies. 2021;178(12):4053-4082.
Hereth B. Health Justice for Unjust Combatants Journal of Military Ethics. 2021;20(1):67-81.
Hereth B., Ferrucci A. Here’s not looking at you, kid: A new defence of anti-natalism South African Journal of Philosophy. 2021;40(1):14-33.
Kanungo S., Samuel S., Ramsay J., Neelakantan M., Saeedian J. Newborn screening Caring for the Newborn: A Comprehensive Guide for the Clinician. Second Edition. 2021:43-63.
Reaume M., Farishta M., Costello J.A., Gibb T., Melgar T.A. Analysis of lawsuits related to diagnostic errors from point-of-care ultrasound in internal medicine, paediatrics, family medicine and critical care in the USA Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2021;97:55-58.
Redinger M. Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in India: A call for Asian wisdom Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2021;66
Scheall S., Crutchfield P. The Priority of the Epistemic Episteme. 2021;18:726-737.
Allhoff F., Golemon L. Rural Bioethics: The Alaska Context HEC Forum. 2020;32:313-331.
Blake M., Hereth B. Sanctuary Cities and Non-Refoulement Ethical Theory and Moral Practice. 2020;23(2):457-474.
Crutchfield P. Engendering moral post-persons: A novel self-help strategy Bioethics. 2020;34:679-686.
Crutchfield P. Extrapolating from Laboratory Behavioral Research on Nonhuman Primates Is Unjustified Journal of Applied Philosophy. 2020;37:628-645.
Crutchfield P. It is better to be ignorant of our moral enhancement: A reply to Zambrano Bioethics. 2020;34:190-194.
Crutchfield P., Gibb T.S., Redinger M.J., Fales W. Ethical Allocation of Remdesivir American Journal of Bioethics. 2020;20:84-86.
Crutchfield P., Scheall S. Epistemic Burdens, Moral Intimacy, and Surrogate Decision Making American Journal of Bioethics. 2020;20:59-61.
Gibb T.S., Hybels M.I., Hussain K. Applying the Narrative Coherence Standard in Non-Medical Capacity Assessments AJOB Neuroscience. 2020;11:31-33.
Kanungo S., Barr J., Crutchfield P., Fealko C., Soares N. Ethical Considerations on Pediatric Genetic Testing Results in Electronic Health Records Applied Clinical Informatics. 2020;11:755-763.
Matheny Antommaria A.H., Gibb T.S., McGuire A.L., Wolpe P.R., Wynia M.K., Applewhite M.K., Caplan A., Diekema D.S., Hester D.M., Lehmann L.S., McLeod-Sordjan R., Schiff T., Tabor H.K., Wieten S.E., Eberl J.T. Ventilator triage policies during the COVID-19 pandemic at U.S. hospitals associated with members of the Association of Bioethics program directors Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020;173:188-194.
Minser J., Gibb T. “I Know a Guy Who Once Heard…”: Contemporary Legends and Narratives in Healthcare Journal of Medical Humanities. 2020;41:323-340.
Redinger M. Enchantment in psychiatric medicine Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020;47
Redinger M., Fledderman N., Crutchfield P. An ethical framework to manage patient requests for medical marijuana Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2020;33:147-151.
Redinger M.J., Gibb T.S. Counter-Transference and the Clinical Ethics Encounter: What, Why, and How We Feel during Consultations Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2020;29:317-326.
Wasserman J.A., Redinger M., Gibb T. Responding to Unprofessional Behavior by Trainees-A "just Culture" Framework New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382:773-777.
Agana M., Apple R., Alavi Z., Gibb T., Soares N., Augustyn M. Caring for the Transgender Adolescent: It Takes a Village Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 2019;40:397-399.
Allhoff F. Medical error and moral luck Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. 2019;29:187-203.
Allhoff F., Potts K. Medical immunity, international law and just war theory Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 2019;165(4):256-265.
Bauler T.J., Cole S., Gibb T., Van Enk R., Lutwick L., Dickinson B.L. HIV/AIDS: A case-based learning module for first-year medical students Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education. 2019;19
Crutchfie P. Compulsory moral bioenhancement should be covert Bioethics. 2019;33:112-121.
Crutchfield P. Moral Normative Force and Clinical Ethics Expertise American Journal of Bioethics. 2019;19:89-91.
Crutchfield P., Gibb T.S., Redinger M.J., Ferman D., Livingstone J. The Conditions for Ethical Application of Restraints Chest. 2019;155:617-625.
Crutchfield P., Scheall S. Epistemic burdens and the incentives of surrogate decision-makers Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 2019;22:613-621.
Hereth B. Animal gods The Lost Sheep in Philosophy of Religion: New Perspectives on Disability, Gender, Race, and Animals. 2019:183-207.
Hereth B., Timpe K. The lost sheep in philosophy of religion: New perspectives on disability, gender, race, and animals The Lost Sheep in Philosophy of Religion: New Perspectives on Disability, Gender, Race, and Animals. 2019:1-400.
Lin P., Allhoff F. Arctic 2.0: How Artificial Intelligence Can Help Develop a Frontier Ethics and International Affairs. 2019;33:193-205.
Timpe K., Hereth B. Introduction The Lost Sheep in Philosophy of Religion: New Perspectives on Disability, Gender, Race, and Animals. 2019:1-27.
Allhoff F., Henschke A. The Internet of Things: Foundational ethical issues Internet of Things (Netherlands). 2018;1-2:55-66.
Alsukhon J., Elisa A., Kanungo S., Azmeh R. Severe combined immunodeficiency-a purine metabolism disorder Pediatric Medicine. 2018;1
Arora G., Gibb T.S., Bursch B. Maintaining quality of care for very influential patients Clinical Teacher. 2018;15(2):175-177.
Crutchfield P. Moral enhancement can kill Journal of Medicine and Philosophy (United Kingdom). 2018;43:568-584.
Crutchfield P. The Ethics of Anti-aging Clinical Trials Science and Engineering Ethics. 2018;24(2):441-453.
Crutchfield P., Gibb T., Redinger M. Placebos and a New Exception to Informed Consent AJOB Neuroscience. 2018;9:200-202.
Crutchfield P., Gibb T., Redinger M. Placebos and a New Exception to Informed Consent AJOB Neuroscience. 2018;9:200-202.
Crutchfield P., Pazdernik V., Hansen G., Malone J., Wagenknecht M. Being Hungry Affects Oral Size Perception i-Perception. 2018;9
Hereth B. Queer oppression and pacifism The Routledge Handbook of Pacifism and Nonviolence. 2018:281-292.
Patel D.R., Apple R., Kanungo S., Akkal A. Intellectual disability: Definitions, evaluation and principles of treatment Pediatric Medicine. 2018;1
Redinger M.J., Crutchfield P., Gibb T.S., Longstreet P., Strung R. Conversion Disorder Diagnosis and Medically Unexplained Symptoms American Journal of Bioethics. 2018;18(5):31-33.
Stahl D., Cabrera L., Gibb T. Should DBS for Psychiatric Disorders be Considered a Form of Psychosurgery? Ethical and Legal Considerations Science and Engineering Ethics. 2018;24:1119-1142.
Allhoff F., Ford S., Henschke A. The Asia-Pacific Chapter of the International Society for Military Ethics Journal of Military Ethics. 2017;16:118-120.
Crutchfield P.A.S., Jarvis J.S., Olson T., Wilson M.S. Observed altruism in dental students: An experiment using the ultimatum game Journal of Dental Education. 2017;81:1301-1308.
Redinger M.J., Gibb T.S., Westerman P. The Cautionary Tale of the Initial Widespread Foray Into Psychiatric Genetics American Journal of Bioethics. 2017;17(4):22-24.
Agich G., Thomas B.J.B., Meilaender G., Moseley D., Nussbaum A., Clint Parker J., Redinger M. Christian bioethics would like to thank the following guest reviewers for their help during this past year Christian Bioethics. 2016;22:363-363.
Allhoff F. The coming era of nanomedicine Handbook of Clinical Nanomedicine: Nanoparticles, Imaging, Therapy and Clinical Applications. 2016;1:103-126.
Chung P., Kanungo S., Patel D.R. Hearing impairment Health Care for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Across the Lifespan. 2016:1179-1196.
Crutchfield P. Decoded Neurofeedback Is Unlikely to Enhance Moral Capacities AJOB Neuroscience. 2016;7:125-126.
Crutchfield P. The Epistemology of Moral Bioenhancement Bioethics. 2016;30:389-396.
Crutchfield P. The Future of Inductive Risk for Disorders of Consciousness AJOB Neuroscience. 2016;7:56-57.
Crutchfield P., Mahoney C., Pazdernik V., Rivera C. Cross-modal influence on oral size perception Archives of Oral Biology. 2016;61:89-97.
Gibb T., Redinger M. Commentary: Clarifying medical decisionmaking - Who, how, and why? Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2016;25(3):556-560.
Lin P., Allhoff F., Rowe N. Computing ethics war 2.0: Cyberweapons and ethics: Considering the basic ethical questions that must be resolved in the new realm of cyberwarfare The Applied Ethics of Emerging Military and Security Technologies. 2016:381-383.
Redinger M., Gibb T. The Problem of Suffering in Psychiatric Nosology AJOB Neuroscience. 2016;7:175-176.
Redinger M.J., Gibb T.S., Longstreet P.L., Stryker H. In defense of prudence and the APA’s goldwater rule: A response to Kroll and Pouncey Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 2016;44:407-408.